Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Part of counterculture of the 1960s, the Vietnam War, and the Cold War
A demonstrator offering a flower to a military police guard at the March on the Pentagon on October 21, 1967
Date	28 January 1965 – 29 March 1973
Caused by	United States in the Vietnam War
Goals	End of military conscription reducing of American foreign military intervention
Resulted in	Disruption of military conscription Lowered military morale End of the Johnson presidency and Withdrawal of candidacy Voting age lowered to 18 Withdrawal of troops and aid

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began in 1965 with demonstrations against the escalating role of the United States in the war. Over the next several years, these demonstrations grew into a social movement which was incorporated into the broader counterculture of the 1960s.

Members of the peace movement within the United States at first consisted of many students, mothers, and anti-establishment youth. Opposition grew with the participation of leaders and activists of the civil rights, feminist, and Chicano movements, as well as sectors of organized labor. Additional involvement came from many other groups, including educators, clergy, academics, journalists, lawyers, military veterans, physicians (notably Benjamin Spock), and others.

Anti-war demonstrations consisted mostly of peaceful, nonviolent protests. By 1967, an increasing number of Americans considered military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake. This was echoed decades later by former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.^[1]

US military involvement in Vietnam began in 1950 with the support of French Indochina against communist Chinese forces. Military involvement and opposition escalated after the Congressional authorization of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in August 1964, with US ground troops arriving in Vietnam on March 8, 1965. Richard Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968 on the platform of ending the Vietnam War and the draft. Nixon began the drawdown of US troops in April 1969. Protests spiked after the announcement of the expansion of the war into Cambodia in April 1970. The Pentagon Papers were published in June 1971. The last draftees reported in late 1972, and the last US combat troops withdrew from Vietnam in March 1973.